This study, published in BMJ Open, estimated the costs of ACEs in Wales, England and English regions in 2023. The study combined data from ten ACE surveys to calculate population attributable fractions for ACEs for four health risks (smoking, high alcohol use, drug use and high body mass index) and seven causes of ill health (violence, mental illness, cancer, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease and stroke). It used data from the 2023 Global Burden of Disease study to estimate Disability Adjusted Life Years attributable to ACEs and their associated financial costs, using a statistical life years approach. The estimated ACE-attributable costs were £7.8 billion for Wales and £115.6 billion for England; estimated costs for English regions ranged from £6.3 billion (North East England) to £18.0 billion (South East England).